<b>CONTESTED HEGEMONY: RUSSIA’S APPROACH TO THE MILITARY AND ECONOMIC PREDOMINANCE OF THE US IN WORLD AFFAIRS</b><br/>HEGEMONIA CONTESTADA: A ABORDAGEM RUSSA QUANTO À PREDOMINÂNCIA MILITAR E ECONÔMICA GLOBAL DOS EUA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22293/2179-1376.v11i20.1260Resumen
This paper discusses the Russian approach, from a rhetorical and practical viewpoint, regarding the military and economic predominance of the United States in the International System. The research method adopted was based on the compilation of statements by Russian authorities about the US position on the global stage, as well as on the presentation of the main initiatives and actions taken by the Kremlin, particularly from the 2000s onwards, in opposition to US interests both in the military and economic spheres. The first section initially deals with Russia’s intervention in Syria and Moscow's actions vis-a-vis the dismantling of bilateral nuclear-force treaties signed between the US and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The second section brings the Russian articulation within the BRICS group as a criticism to American (and Western) privileges within institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank, posteriorly pointing out to the steps taken by Moscow in its quest to make the Russian economy less dependent on the dollar. We conclude by observing that in both military and economic aspects Moscow has obtained moderate results in view of its aspirations regarding the role of counterweight to the American power in International Relations.Citas
ACHARYA, Amitav. Global Governance in a Multiplex World. European University Institute: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2017, pp. 1-17
_________________ After Liberal Hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order. Ethics & International Affairs, 31, no. 3 (2017a), pp. 271-285.
ARBATOV, Alexei. Nuclear Deterrence and Proliferation: The Dialectics of “Doomsday Weapons”. Russian Politics and Law, vol. 44, no. 5, September–October 2006, pp. 35–60.
ARON, Raymond. Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations. New York: Doubleday, 1966
BRIC. Joint Statement of the BRIC Countries' Leaders. Rus-sia: 2009. Available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/209.
BRICS. Fourth BRICS Summit: Delhi Declaration. India: 2012. Available at: http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/120329-delhi-declaration.html.
BULL, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. London: Macmillan, 1977
BRZEZINSKI, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. United States of Amer-ica: Basic Books, 1997
CNBC (2019). Treasury data shows Russian holdings of US debt plunged 84% since March, but here’s what it really means. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/29/treasury-department-report-shows-russian-holdings-of-us-debt-plunged.html
DUGIN, Alexandr. Geopolítica da Rússia Contemporânea. Lisboa: Instituto de Altos Estudos em Geopolítica e Estudos Auxiliares, 2016; Kindle edition
FINNEMORE, Martha. Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the So-cial Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be. World Politics, Vol. 61, n. 1, pp. 58–85, 2009
FREIRE, Maria Raquel. As Eleições Presidenciais Na Rússia: Continuidade Na Mudança. Portugal: Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2008. Available at: https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/jspui/bitstream/10316/9605/1/MRFreire_OccasionalPaper32_IPRI_2008.pdf
IKENBERRY, G.John. The Illusion of Geopolitics: The Endur-ing Power of the Liberal Order. United States: Foreign Affairs, 2014. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2014-04-17/illusion-geopolitics
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND [IMF]. IMF Execu-tive Directors and Voting Power. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/eds.aspx
JERVIS, Robert. Security Regimes. University of Wisconsin Press: Journals Division. International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2, International Regimes (Spring, 1982), pp.357-378
KISSINGER, Henry. World Order. New York: Penguin Books, 2015
LABBÉ, Stefan (2018). Once Seen as Edging Out US Domi-nance, Do BRICS Still Hold Weight? OpenCanada.org. Availa-ble at: https://www.opencanada.org/features/once-seen-edging-out-us-dominance-do-brics-still-hold-weight/.
LAGUTINA, Maria L. BRICS in A World of Regions. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 2019. Available at:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23802014.2019.1643781?needAccess=true
LAVROV, Sergey. World at a Crossroads and a System of In-ternational Relations for the Future. Russia in Global Affairs: 2019. Available at: https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/book/World-at-a-crossroads-The-future-system-of-international-relations-20199
LEVADA ANALYTICAL CENTER. Russian Public Opinion 2013-2015. Moscou: 2016, 365 pp. Available at: http://www.levada.ru/cp/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2013-2015-Eng1.pdf
MAZARR, Michael J et al. Understanding the Emerging Era of International Competition: Theoretical and Historical Per-spectives. RAND Corporation: Research Report, 2018, RR-2726-AF, pp. 1-46. Available at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2726.html
MEARSHEIMER, John. The Rise & Fall of the Liberal Inter-national Order. Available at: https://ndisc.nd.edu/assets/288231/rise_and_fall_of_the_liberal_international_order.september_11_2018.pdf
MITCHELL, Wess. U.S. Strategy Towards the Russian Fed-eration. Washington D.C: Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 2018. Available at: https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/082118_Mitchell_Testimony.pdf
MOSCOW TIMES. Russia's Gross International Currency Reserves Top $530Bln. Available at: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/30/russias-gross-international-currency-reserves-top-530bln-a66625
NOVIKOVA, Irina; BODROV, Andrei. Origins of the Modern International System. In: TSVETKOVA, Natalia (Ed.). Russia and the World: Understanding International Relations. Lexington Books, 2017
NYE, Joseph S. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003
NTI [Nuclear Threat Initiative]. U.S.-Russia Arms Control in Peril: Threats to arms control agreements such as the INF Treaty imperil the foundations of global security and stability. Available at: https://media.nti.org/documents/us-russia-arms-control-in-peril-feb2019.pdf Accessed at: 10.oct.2019
OBSERVATORY OF ECONOMIC COMLEXITY. Where does China export to? (2017). Available at: https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/chn/show/all/2017/
OLDBERG, Ingmar. Russia´s Great Power Strategy under Putin and Medvedev. Swedish Institute of International Affairs: 2010.
PUTIN, Vladimir Vladimirovitch. Putin schitayet bol'shoy oshibkoy popytki narushit' mezhdunarodnyy yadernyy balans. NTV: 2017. Available at: https://www.ntv.ru/novosti/1819838/
__________________________. Vystupleniye i diskussiya na Myunkhenskoy konferentsii po voprosam politiki bezopas-nosti. Kremlin: 2007. Available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034
__________________________. Poslaniye Prezidenta Feder-al'nomu Sobraniyu. Kremlin: 2018. Available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56957
RUSSIA. National Security Concept of the Russian Federa-tion. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Available at: http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/589768
STATISTICSTIMES. List of Countries by GDP (PPP). Avail-able at: http://statisticstimes.com/economy/countries-by-gdp-ppp.php
THE GUARDIAN (2018). Putin threatens US arms race with new missiles declaration. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/01/vladimir-putin-threatens-arms-race-with-new-missiles-announcement Ac-cessed at: 12.sep.2019
TISDALL, Simon (2012). Can the BRICS create a new world order? The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/mar/29/brics-newworld-order
TRADING ECONOMICS. Russia Gold Reserves. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/russia/gold-reserves
TRUMP, Donald. Donald Trump's State of the Union speech 2018: full transcript. The Telegraph: 2018. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/31/donald-trumps-state-union-speech-2018-full-transcript
TSVETKOV, Ivan. US-Russian Relations. In: TSVETKOVA, Natalia (org). Understanding International Relations: Russia and the World. Lexington Books: 2019
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. National Security Strategy of The United States of America. Washington D.C: 2017. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf Ac-cessed at: 29.sep.2019
ZAKARIA, Fareed. The Post-American World. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd, 2008
WOHLFORTH, William C. The Stability of a Unipolar World. United States: International Security, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Summer 1999), pp. 5–41
WORLD BANK. Gross domestic product 2018. Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
